This article was found on FREEENGINEER.ORG and was slightly adapted to fit the wiki format. It presents the Basic UNIX Command Line (shell) navigation commands and was last revised May 17 2001.
This is something that I had given out to students (CAD user training) in years past. The purpose was to have on one page the basics commands for getting started using the UNIX shell (so that they didn't call me asking what to do the first time someone gave them a tape).
This document is copyrighted but freely redistributable under the terms of the GFDL [1]. Send me comments, corrections, and extra stuff that you think should absolutly must be included. I'll gladly listen.
File and directory paths in UNIX use the forward slash "/" to separate directory names in a path.
examples:
/ "root" directory /usr directory usr (sub-directory of / "root" directory) /usr/STRIM100 STRIM100 is a subdirectory of /usr
pwd Show the "present working directory", or current directory. cd Change current directory to your HOME directory. cd /usr/STRIM100 Change current directory to /usr/STRIM100. cd INIT Change current directory to INIT which is a sub-directory of the current directory. cd .. Change current directory to the parent directory of the current directory. cd $STRMWORK Change current directory to the directory defined by the environment variable 'STRMWORK'.
ls list a directory
ls -l list a directory in long ( detailed ) format
for example:
$ ls -l
drwxr-xr-x 4 cliff user 1024 Jun 18 09:40 WAITRON_EARNINGS
-rw-r--r-- 1 cliff user 767392 Jun 6 14:28 scanlib.tar.gz
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | owner group size date time name
| | | | number of links to file or directory contents
| | | permissions for world
| | permissions for members of group
| permissions for owner of file: r = read, w = write, x = execute -=no permission
type of file: - = normal file, d=directory, l = symbolic link, and others...
ls -a List the current directory including hidden files. Hidden files start with "."
ls -ld * List all the file and directory names in the current directory.
Without the "d" option, ls would list the contents of any sub-directory of the current.
With the "d" option, ls just lists them like regular files.
chmod 755 file Changes the permissions of file to be rwx for the owner, and rx for the group and the world.
(7 = rwx = 111 binary. 5 = r-x = 101 binary)
chgrp user file Makes file belong to the group user.
chown cliff file Makes cliff the owner of file.
chown -R cliff dir Makes cliff the owner of dir and everything in its directory tree.
You must be the owner of the file/directory or be root before you can do any of these things.
cp file1 file2 copy a file mv file1 renamed_file1 move or rename a file rm file1 [file2 ...] remove or delete a file rm -r dir1 [dir2...] recursivly remove a directory and its contents BE CAREFUL! mkdir dir1 [dir2...] make a directory rmdir dir1 [dir2...] remove an empty directory
cat filename Dump a file to the screen in ascii.
more filename Progressively dump a file to the screen:
ENTER = one line down SPACEBAR = page down q=quit
less filename Like more, but you can use Page-Up too. Not on all systems.
vi filename Edit a file using the vi editor. All UNIX systems will have vi in some form.
emacs filename Edit a file using the emacs editor. Not all systems will have emacs.
head filename Show the first few lines of a file.
head -n filename Show the first n lines of a file.
tail filename Show the last few lines of a file.
tail -n filename Show the last n lines of a file.
The behavior of the command line interface will differ slightly depending on the shell program that is being used. Depending on the shell used, some extra behaviors can be quite nifty.
You can find out what shell you are using by the command:
printenv SHELL
Of course you can create a file with a list of shell commands and execute it like a program to perform a task. This is called a shell script. This is in fact the primary purpose of most shells, not the interactive command line behavior.
You can teach your shell to remember things for later using environment variables. For example under bash:
export CASROOT=/usr/local/CAS3.0 Defines the variable CASROOT with the value /usr/local/CAS3.0.
cd $CASROOT Changes your present working directory to the value of CASROOT
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$CASROOT/Linux/lib Defines the variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH with the value of CASROOT
with /Linux/lib appended, or /usr/local/CAS3.0/Linux/lib
printenv CASROOT Will print out the value of CASROOT, or /usr/local/CAS3.0
echo $CASROOT Does exactly the same thing
env | grep CASROOT A roundabout way to get the same information.
A feature of bash and tcsh (and sometimes others) you can use the up-arrow keys to access your previous commands, edit them, and re-execute them.
A feature of bash and tcsh (and possibly others) you can use the TAB key to complete a partially typed filename. For example if you have a file called constantine-monks-and-willy-wonka.txt in your directory and want to edit it you can type 'vi const', hit the TAB key, and the shell will fill in the rest of the name for you (provided the completion is unique).
Bash will even complete the name of commands and environment variables. And if there are multiple completions, if you hit TAB twice bash will show you all the completions. Bash is the default user shell for most Linux systems.
grep string filename > newfile Redirects the output of the above grep command to a file 'newfile'. grep string filename >> existfile Appends the output of the grep command to the end of 'existfile'.
The redirection directives, > and >> can be used on the output of most commands to direct their output to a file.
The pipe symbol "|" is used to direct the output of one command to the input of another.
example:
ls -l | more This commands takes the output of the long format directory list command
"ls -l" and pipes it through the more command (also known as a filter).
In this case a very long list of files can be viewed a page at a time.
You can use the output of one command as an input to another command in another way called command substitution. Command substitution is invoked when by enclosing the substituted command in backwards single quotes.
example:
cat `find . -name aaa.txt`
which will cat ( dump to the screen ) all the files named aaa.txt that exist in the current directory or in any subdirectory tree.
The grep command grep string filename prints all the lines in a file that contain the string
find search_path -name filename
find . -name aaa.txt Finds all the files named aaa.txt in the current directory or any subdirectory tree.
find / -name vimrc Find all the files named 'vimrc' anywhere on the system.
find /usr/local/games -name "*xpilot*" Find all files whose names contain the string 'xpilot' which exist
within the '/usr/local/games' directory tree.
The tar command The tar command stands for "tape archive". It is the "standard" way to read and write archives (collections of files and whole directory trees).
Often you will find archives of stuff with names like stuff.tar, or stuff.tar.gz. This is stuff in a tar archive, and stuff in a tar archive which has been compressed using the gzip compression program respectivly.
Chances are that if someone gives you a tape written on a UNIX system, it will be in tar format, and you will use tar (and your tape drive) to read it.
Likewise, if you want to write a tape to give to someone else, you should probably use tar as well.
Tar examples:
tar xv Extracts (x) files from the default tape drive while listing (v = verbose)
the file names to the screen.
tar tv Lists the files from the default tape device without extracting them.
tar cv file1 file2 Write files 'file1' and 'file2' to the default tape device.
tar cvf archive.tar file1 [file2...] Create a tar archive as a file "archive.tar" containing file1, file2...etc.
tar xvf archive.tar extract from the archive file
tar cvfz archive.tar.gz dname Create a gzip compressed tar archive containing everything in the directory
'dname'. This does not work with all versions of tar.
tar xvfz archive.tar.gz Extract a gzip compressed tar archive. Does not work with all versions of tar.
tar cvfI archive.tar.bz2 dname Create a bz2 compressed tar archive. Does not work with all versions of tar
The standard UNIX compression commands are compress and uncompress. Compressed files have a suffix .Z added to their name.
example:
compress part.igs Creates a compressed file part.igs.Z uncompress part.igs Uncompresseis part.igs from the compressed file part.igs.Z. Note the .Z is not required.
Another common compression utility is gzip (and gunzip). These are the GNU compress and uncompress utilities. gzip usually gives better compression than standard compress, but may not be installed on all systems. The suffix for gzipped files is .gz
gzip part.igs Creates a compressed file part.igs.gz gunzip part.igs Extracts the original file from part.igs.gz
The bzip2 utility has (in general) even better compression than gzip, but at the cost of longer times to compress and uncompress the files. It is not as common a utility as gzip, but is becoming more generally available.
bzip2 part.igs Create a compressed Iges file part.igs.bz2 bunzip2 part.igs.bz2 Uncompress the compressed iges file.
The man command Most of the commands have a manual page which give sometimes useful, often more or less detailed, sometimes cryptic and unfathomable discriptions of their usage. Some say they are called man pages because they are only for real men.
example:
man ls Shows the manual page for the ls command
Opening a file
vi filename
Creating text
i Insert before current cursor position I Insert at beginning of current line a Insert (append) after current cursor position A Append to end of line r Replace 1 character R Replace mode <ESC> Terminate insertion or overwrite mode
Deletion of text
x Delete single character dd Delete current line and put in buffer ndd Delete n lines (n is a number) and put them in buffer J Attaches the next line to the end of the current line (deletes carriage return).
Oops
u Undo last command
cut and paste
yy Yank current line into buffer nyy Yank n lines into buffer p Put the contents of the buffer after the current line P Put the contents of the buffer before the current line
cursor positioning
^d Page down
^u Page up
:n Position cursor at line n
:$ Position cursor at end of file
^g Display current line number
h,j,k,l Left,Down,Up, and Right respectivly. Your arrow keys should
also work if if your keyboard mappings are anywhere near sane.
string substitution
:n1,n2:s/string1/string2/[g] Substitute string2 for string1 on lines n1 to n2.
If g is included (global), all instances of string1 on each line are substituted.
If g is not included, only the first instance per line is substituted.
^ matches start of line
. matches any single character
$ matches end of line
These and other "special characters" (like the forward slash) can be "escaped" with \ i.e to match the string "/usr/STRIM100/SOFT" say "\/usr\/STRIM100\/SOFT"
examples:
:1,$:s/dog/cat/g Substitute 'cat' for 'dog', every instance for the entire file - lines 1 to $ (end of file)
:23,25:/frog/bird/ Substitute 'bird' for 'frog' on lines 23 through 25.
Only the first instance on each line is substituted.
Saving and quitting and other ex commands
These commands are all prefixed by pressing colon (:) and then entered in the lower left corner of the window. You cannot enter a ex command when you are in an edit mode. Press <ESC> to exit from an editing mode.
:w Write the current file. :w new.file Write the file to the name 'new.file'. :w! existing.file Overwrite an existing file with the file currently being edited. :wq Write the file and quit. :q Quit. :q! Quit with no changes. :e filename Open the file 'filename' for editing. :set number Turns on line numbering :set nonumber Turns off line numbering
The USENET FAQs should be the first place you look for an answer to specific questions. You can find most of them at RTFM ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/. The contents of this directory ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/comp/unix/questions/ includes vi, bash, and comp.unix.questions FAQs. Searching USENET archives are very useful too. google.com now has a USENET archive (formerly Deja.com's). Advanced Group Search [2] rules.
This document was converted from plain text using Vim [3] and then hacked. Vim is the best version of the one true text editor: vi.
Copyright (c) 2000,2001 C R Johnson mailto:iamcliff@freeengineer.org
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with Invariant Section: Preface, with Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license can be found on the GNU web site here [4]
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